Upper limb disorders

What it is: Upper limb disorders cover a wide range of conditions affecting a child's hand, wrist, forearm, elbow and shoulder. These may be present from birth (congenital differences such as trigger thumb, syndactyly or radial differences) or develop later through injury or growth.

Signs and symptoms: Difficulty using the hand or arm, a visible difference in shape or position, stiffness, a thumb that is locked or clicks, or reluctance to use one arm.

Diagnosis: A careful clinical examination is usually the most important step, sometimes supported by X-rays or ultrasound to assess the bones and soft tissues.

Treatment: Many conditions improve with observation, splinting or hand therapy. Some, such as persistent trigger thumb or certain congenital differences, may benefit from a straightforward surgical procedure timed to your child's growth.

Outlook: Most children do extremely well, with good function and appearance. The right timing of treatment is key, which is why early assessment is valuable.

When to seek advice: If you notice your child consistently avoiding using one hand or arm, a locked thumb, or any difference in shape that concerns you.